如圖所示,AOB為一輕質(zhì)杠桿(杠桿自重忽略不計(jì))O為支點(diǎn),OA=OB,在杠桿的B端掛一重20N的重物,要使杠桿平衡,則在A端施加的力下至少為    N。如果在A端施加一個(gè)豎直向下的力,要使杠桿平衡,這個(gè)力為     N。
20,40

試題分析:已知點(diǎn)A是動(dòng)力作用點(diǎn),只需找出最長(zhǎng)動(dòng)力臂,阻力和阻力臂一定,根據(jù)杠桿平衡條件求出在A端施加的最小力;如果在A端施加一個(gè)豎直向下的力,先確定動(dòng)力臂大小,阻力和阻力臂不變,根據(jù)杠桿平衡條件求出在A端施加的力.(1)如下圖,若在A點(diǎn)施力F,阻力臂為L(zhǎng)OB,當(dāng)F的方向與杠桿垂直時(shí)動(dòng)力臂最大,此時(shí)最省力,
∵杠桿平衡,
∴F×LOA=G×LOB
∵LOA=LOB,G=20N,
∴F=G=20N;

(2)如下圖,如果在A端施加一個(gè)豎直向下的力,動(dòng)力臂為L(zhǎng)OC,阻力臂為L(zhǎng)OB,在Rt△OAC中,LOC=OA×cos60°=OA,
∵杠桿平衡,
∴F′×LOC=G×LOB
即:F′×LOC=G×LOB,
∵LOC=OA,LOA=LOB,G=20N,
∴F′=40N.

點(diǎn)評(píng):解決本題的關(guān)鍵是熟知杠桿平衡條件,能確定兩種情況下動(dòng)力臂的大小(①要最小動(dòng)力,關(guān)鍵是找到動(dòng)力作用點(diǎn)A到支點(diǎn)O的最長(zhǎng)動(dòng)力臂;②知道動(dòng)力方向,畫(huà)出力臂,確定其大小)是本題的關(guān)鍵.
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