13．Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1，or top，human carcinogens （致癌物質(zhì)），said the International Agency for Research on Cancer （IARC），which is the World Health Organization's （WHO） cancer agency，on Oct 17，2013．
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC，which places them into five groups．Group 1carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans．Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans，Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic，the carcinogenicity of Group 3in humans is unclassifiable，and Group 4is probably not carcinogenic to humans．Only a little more than 100are classified as Group 1cancer-causing substances，including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke．
"Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants，"the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement．"The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction：the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution．"
In 2010，lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223，000people worldwide，and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder （膀腕） cancer，according to the IARC．
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses，including respiratory and heart diseases．
Air pollution is global，although the levels of it vary over space and time．
Loomis said people in Asia，eastern North America，some places in Central America and Mexico，as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure．Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors，such as China，are particularly at risk．
Many cities in China，such as Beijing，frequently see smog．This week，Harbin，the capital city of Heilongjiang province，became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems，although to a lesser degree than most developing nations．In Europe，levels of many pollutants have fallen．But between 91and 96percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5-tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5micrometers-that are higher than the WHO safety limits，says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15．
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other，the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world．
"Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide，this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay，"said Christopher Wild，director of the IARC．

59．What might be the best title of the passage？C
A．Signals of air pollution
B．Safety limits of air pollution
C．Air pollution，cancer risk
D．Air pollution，smog risk
60．What's the main task of IARC？B
A．To focus on cancer-causing substances．
B．To evaluate the air quality．
C．To study the developing risk of cancer．
D．To send signals to the international community．
61．Why should the international community take action without further delay？D
A．The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place．
B．More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution．
C．Developed countries face air pollution，the level of which is higher than the safety limits．
D．A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution．

分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀，作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了空氣污染會造成癌癥的危險，評估空氣質(zhì)量的 IARC數(shù)據(jù)顯示，全世界的人們不同程度的受到空氣污染的影響，因此呼吁國際社會應該立即采取行動．

解答 59．C．推理判斷題．根據(jù)文章第一段"Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1，or top，human carcinogens"可知文章講的是空氣污染會造成癌癥的危險；故選C．
60．B．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章第三段"Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants"，可知 IARC的主要目的是評估空氣質(zhì)量；故選B．
61．D．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章最后一段"Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide，this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay"，可知國際社會應該立即采取行動，因為全世界很多人受到空氣污染的影響；故選D．

點評 考察學生的細節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實，要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

14．Why is it so difficult to fall asleep when you are overtired？There is no one answer that applies to every individual．But many people fail to note the difference between fatigue，physical tiredness and sleepiness，the inability to stay awake．It's possible to feel"tired"physically and still be unable to fall asleep，because while your body may be exhausted，you don't feel sleepy．To fall asleep，you need enough time to relax，even if you feel fatigued．It's not so easy to simply"turn off"．According to Carl E．Hunt，director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda，Maryland，most people do not allow themselves relaxed．
Lack of sleep complicates matters even more．Experts say adults need at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night to function properly．When you get less sleep than that on consecutive （連續(xù)） nights，you begin to be burdened by"sleep debt"．As sleep debt increases （and functionality decreases），your body experiences a stress response and begins to release adrenaline （腎上腺素）．Now a bad cycle has been created：You experience the feeling of being more and more tired，but your body is increasingly stimulated．"Power sleeping"for more hours on weekends is only a temporary solution．"There is no substitute for getting a good night's sleep on a regular basis，"says Hunt．
Most of us，however，don't get the sleep we need．According to the 2002 National Sleep Foundation，Americans sleep an average of 6.9 hours per night during the week，and 58 percent of adults experience sleeplessness a few nights a week or more．

33．The writer intends to tell usD．
A．Americans don't get enough sleep
B．what benefits we can get from enough sleep   
C．lack of sleep has a bad effect on our body  
D．why it's difficult for overtired people to fall asleep  
34．Which of the following is NOT caused by lack of sleep？C
A．Power sleeping．                        
B．Sleep debt．
C．Lack of adrenaline．                    
D．Function badly．
35．From the passage we can draw a conclusion that lack of sleepD．
A．is so common that it isn't worth paying attention to
B．doesn't matter for it can be solved by"Power sleeping
C．can make it easy to fall asleep when one is overtired
D．may make it difficult to fall asleep when one is overtired．

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