6．Youth sport has the potential to accomplish three important objectives in children's development．First，sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active，which can lead to improved physical health．Second，youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth's psychosocial development，providing opportunities to learn important life skills such as cooperation，discipline，leadership，and self-control．Third，youth sport programs are critical for the learning of motor skills； these motor skills serve as a foundation for future national sport stars and recreational adult sport participants．When coachers develop activities for youth practices and when sport organizations design youth-sport programs，they must consider the implication of deliberate play and deliberate practice．
Research from Telama （2006）states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth （ages nine to eighteen） increases the likelihood of participation in sports during adulthood by six times for both males and females．C?té （2002）defines deliberate play activities in sport as those designed to maximize enjoyment．These activities are regulated by flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules and are set up by the children or by an involved adult．Children typically change rules to find a point where their game is similar to the actual sport but still allows for play at their level．For example，children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment （e．g．in the street．on a playing field or in someone's backyard）．When involved in deliberate play activities，children are less concerned with the outcome of their outcome of their behavior．（whether they win or lose） than with the behavior．（having fun）．
On the other hand，Ericsson （1993）suggests that the most effective learning occurs through involvement in highly structured activities defined as deliberate practice．Deliberate practice activities require effort，produce no immediate rewards，and are motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than the goal of enjoyment．When individuals are involved in deliberate play，they experiment with different combinations of behaviors，but not necessarily in the most effective way to improve performance．In contrast，when individuals are involved in deliberate practice，they exhibit behavior．focused on improving performance by the most effective means available．For example，the backhand skills in tennis could be learned and improved over time by playing matches or by creating fun practice situations．However，players could more effectively improve their backhand performance by practicing drills that might be considered less enjoyable．Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable，they might be the most relevant to improving performance．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）
78．Besides the learning of motor skills，what are the other two important objectives of youth sport？Improved physical health and psychosocial development．
79．If children participate in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities，they are more likely toparticipate in sports during adulthood．．
80．In deliberate play activities，what do children do to maximize enjoyment？They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．．
81．In contrast to deliberate play，deliberate practice is aimed atimproving performance．．
分析 這是一篇說明文，講述青少年運(yùn)動有可能在孩子的發(fā)展中完成三個(gè)重要目標(biāo)，強(qiáng)身健體、心理發(fā)展和運(yùn)動技能．
解答 78．答案：Improved physical health and psychosocial development．根據(jù)文章第一段第二句"First，sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active，which can lead to improved physical health．Second，youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth's psychosocial development，"首先，運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目可以為年輕人提供機(jī)會鍛煉，從而導(dǎo)致改善身體健康．第二，青年運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目一直被認(rèn)為是重要的青少年的心理發(fā)展，提供機(jī)會學(xué)習(xí)重要的生活技能，如合作、紀(jì)律，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，和自我控制．"對這個(gè)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行高度概括，所以可以知道答案是Improved physical health and psychosocial development改善身體健康和心理發(fā)展．
79．答案：participate in sports during adulthood．根據(jù)文章第二段第一句"Research from Telama （2006）states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth （ages nine to eighteen） increasesthe likelihood of participation in sports during adulthoodby six times for both males and females．"可知Telama2006年的研究表明在兒童和青少年的年齡在9到18歲時(shí)，定期參與故意玩或刻意練習(xí)活動，不管是男性或是女性，在成年時(shí)增加參與運(yùn)動的可能性達(dá)六倍多．縮短答案字?jǐn)?shù)為participate in sports during adulthood在成年時(shí)參加體育運(yùn)動．
80．答案：They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．根據(jù)文章第二段第五行"For example，children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment．"孩子可能會改變足球和籃球規(guī)則以適應(yīng)他們的需求和環(huán)境．可知答案They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．他們改變規(guī)則以適應(yīng)他們的需求和環(huán)境．
81．答案：improving performance．根據(jù)文章最后一句話"Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable，they might be the most relevant toimproving performance．"雖然演習(xí)中使用可用的最有效的手段也許不是最有效的練習(xí)，它們可能是最相關(guān)的改善表現(xiàn)．可知答案improving performance改善表現(xiàn)．
點(diǎn)評 做這類題時(shí)要根據(jù)題干要求到文章中找出關(guān)鍵信息，主要考查學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解能力．
