In the early 1950s, researchers found that people scored lower on intelligence tests if they spoke more than one language. Research in the sixties found the opposite. Bilingual people scored higher than monolinguals, people who speak only one language. So which is it?
Researchers presented their newest studies last month at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The latest evidence shows that being bilingual does not necessarily make people smarter. But researcher Ellen Bialystok says it probably does make you better at certain skills.
Ellen Bialystok said, “Imagine driving down the highway. There’re many things that could capture your attention and you really need to be able to monitor all of them. Why would bilingualism make you any better at that?”
And the answer, she says, is that bilingual people are often better at controlling their attention — a function called the executive control system.
Ms. Bialystok is a psychology professor at York University in Toronto, Canada. She says the best method to measure the executive control system is called the Stroop Test. A person is shown words in different colors. The person has to ignore the word but say the color. The problem is that the words are all names of colors.
Ellen Bialystok said, “So you would have the word blue written in red, but you have to say red. But blue is so salient(顯著的), it’s just lighting up all these circuits(電路) in your brain, and you really want to say blue. So you need a mechanism(機制) to override that so that you can say red. That’s the executive control system.”
Her work shows that bilingual people continually practice this function. They have to, because both languages are active in their brain at the same time. They need to suppress(抑制) one to be able to speak in the other.
This mental exercise might help in other ways, too. Researchers say bilingual children are better able to separate a word from its meaning, and more likely to have friends from different cultures. Bilingual adults are often four to five years later than others in developing dementia or Alzheimer’s disease.
【小題1】What’s the best title of the text?

A．Bilingual People, Smarter
B．Monolingual People, Smarter
C．Bilingual People, Longer Lives
D．Bilingual People, Better at Some Skills
【小題2】The underlined word “override” in Paragraph 6 probably means ____.
A．pay attention to B．take no notice of
C．take an interest inD．take care of
【小題3】In the Stroop Test, supposing you have the word yellow written in white, you will have to say ____.
A．whiteB．yellowC．blueD．red
【小題4】Which group of people can most likely pass the Stroop Test?
A．People who can speak only Chinese.
B．People who can speak only Japanese.
C．People who can speak more than one language.
D．People who can speak only English.
【小題5】Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the text?
A．A bilingual child is better at separating a word from its meaning.
B．A bilingual child can more easily make friends with a foreign child.
C．Bilingual people are more able to monitor several things at the same time.
D．It’s not possible for bilingual people to develop Alzheimer’s disease.


【小題1】D
【小題2】B
【小題3】A
【小題4】C
【小題5】D

解析

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D
Parties, iPods, concerts, movies, TV shows, video games, traffic. All of these things of the modern world make life entertaining and enjoyable. But our 21st-century lifestyle is also loud and, if we don’t take notice, it can have an effect on our hearing.
Most teenagers don’t think about hearing loss. But if you experience any of the following symptoms（癥狀）, you may already be hearing damaged: you make efforts to hear normal talk, you have to turn up the TV or radio so high that others complain, you watch other people’s expressions to understand what they are saying, you ask people to repeat themselves, you misunderstand what people are saying or you hear ringing in your ears.
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【小題2】 Which of the following is TRUE when you listen to music?
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B．Turn up the volume to the highest level.
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D．Choose classical, rock or heavy metal music.
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a. The eardrum is broken.
b. The auditory nerves cannot receive sounds.
c. Tiny hairs are damaged.
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e. High-volume music is played over a long time.
A．d-a-c-b-eB．e-c-a-b-dC．b-c-a-d-eD．d-e-a-c-b
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C．ways that teenagers enjoy music D．dangerous modern lifestyles of teenagers.

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