Urbanization

(2013·高考北京卷)Until relatively recently，the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city.The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago.__ 1.__In fact，nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (鄉(xiāng)村的) villages.It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.

Britain was only the beginning. 2.__The process of urbanization—the migration (遷徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization，which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.

In 1990，fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas.Today，over 82% of Americans live in cities.Only about 2% live on farms.__ 3.__

Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized.Even in advanced agricultural societies，it took about ninety?five people on farms to feed five people in cities._ 4._Until modern times，those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants，laborers and professionals who served them.Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.

Over the past two centuries，the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. 5._Today，instead of needing ninety?five farmers to feed five city people，one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non?farmers.

A．That kept cities very small.

B．The rest live in small towns.

C．The effects of urban living on people should be considered.

D．Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.

E．But even 200 years ago，only a few people could live in cities.

F．Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.

G．Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.

 

【答案】

1.E

2.D

3.B

4.A

5.F

【解析】　本文為說明文，介紹了Urbanization(都市化)的形成與發(fā)展。

1.

2.2】解析：選D。文章第一段說英國是第一個成為城市化社會的國家。第二段接著說英國僅僅是個開始，這是因?yàn)樵S多別的工業(yè)國家也開始效仿英國，成為城市化的社會，因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

3.3】解析：選B。現(xiàn)在有超過82%的美國人住在城市里，大約有2%的人住在農(nóng)場；剩下大約16%的人住在別的地方，即B項(xiàng)所描述的：其余的住在小城鎮(zhèn)里。

4.4】解析：選A。上一句提到：即使在先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)社會，也需要大約95個農(nóng)民養(yǎng)活5個城市人，這只有一個結(jié)果：這使得城市很小。

5.5】解析：選F。前一句提到：在過去的兩百年里，工業(yè)革命打破了城鄉(xiāng)之間的平衡。后一句提到：現(xiàn)在的情況不是需要95個農(nóng)民養(yǎng)活5個城市人，在美國1個農(nóng)民就能養(yǎng)活100多個非農(nóng)民。那中間只能填F項(xiàng)：現(xiàn)代化把更多的人吸引到城市里來，使得農(nóng)民更加多產(chǎn)。

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As China becomes increasingly urbanized (城市化), it has to find space for its urban and

rural citizens as both groups become increasingly integrated. Experts suggest a possible model

way may be “re-inventing” a “garden city”.

   China’s mega-cities are bursting at the borders and the country is now undergoing the quickest and biggest urbanization in the history of mankind. It is estimated that by 2025, China will have 400 million more people living in its cities, raising its urban population to 900 million. Besides, new satellite towns are mushrooming on the urban fringes while city ring roads are rippling outwards into the countryside at amazing speed. Satellite maps collected by Professor Joshua Bolchover at the University of Hong Kong bring the problem sharply into focus. They track the changing rural-urban framework in the past 30 years, and suggest that cities are cruelly destroying surrounding rural land and rapidly reducing the amount of arable（可耕種的）land, which gives way to new residential blocks, new industrial zones, new financial centers and the other inevitable signs and signatures of economic growth.

   This, however, is not sustainable growth pattern, especially when China has the world’s largest population to feed. So concerned urban planners are starting to note the social and physical effects of diaspora（大移居）when replaced rural communities are forced into the cities.

   On the other hand, a trend of thought is gradually taking shape and this is the concept of the “garden city”, a combination of country and city that is being proposed by architects and city planners. Hua Li, from Tao Architects, is among the many professionals with such a voice. His argument is supported by a long-term study on this subject. As Hua says, the answer is to preserve patches of productive farmland within urban boundaries. Less transportation means we have fresh agricultural products at lower costs and less carbon emission in the city. And urban farmland can also be showcased for agricultural tourism and education.

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   Although people like Zhang are still rare and the greening of roof space with vegetables and fruit takes skill and energy, with more positive media exposure and advanced technology there is the prospect that garden city will become common practice in the near future. By then, cities will no longer look so gray when seen from the satellites.

1.What is the purpose of paragraph 2?

   A. To show the experts’ concern about the increase of population.

   B. To persuade people into supporting economic growth in cities.

   C. To explain the reasons for the change of rural-urban framework.

   D. To inform the readers of the consequences of quick urbanization.

2.In Hua Li’s opinion, a combination of country and city will __________.

   A. benefit the environment and lower living costs

   B. become a project that needs a long-term study

   C. lead to more rural communities being replaced

   D. attract more farmers to take tours in cities

3. Zhang is mentioned (Paragraph 5) to show that __________.

A. he achieves his dream to own a hanging garden

B. hanging gardens are becoming more popular

C. the garden contributes to a better neighborhood

D. he is a pioneer to practise the gardening concept

4.As for the concept of the “garden city”, the writer feels_________.

   A. desperate      B. hopeful         C. disappointed        D. concerned

 

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