What can be found in the two recent studies?
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study, which appeared last month in the journal Science.They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma.The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group.The students played in groups of four.Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally.But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation (合作).The groups that rewarded most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded least.And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings.The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.
The other study referred to children, which was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse.Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups.More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested.More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine.The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test.Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.The study says the IQs ?or intelligence quotients—of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were.In the older group, the difference was almost three points.Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire' worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation.Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children.He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
72.We can learn from the passage that ____.
A.the first study began last month at Harvard University in America
B.the Prisoner's Dilemma is a game that can teach you how to be cooperative
C.the study on the IQs of children was carried out by Professor Murray Strauss
D.Professor Mallie has done lots of researches on family violence
73.What study method was adopted in the two recent studies according to the passage?
A.Observation. B.Questionnaire. C.Conclusion. D.Experiment.
74.The underlined word "spanked" in the third paragraph refers to ____.
A.scolded constantly B.punished physically
C.praised frequendy D.rewarded mentally
75.Which of the following charts is TRUE according to the passage?
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:014
They will do ________ they ________ help us to form a football team.
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科目:高中英語 來源:人教社新課程2003年審核高一下冊(cè)練習(xí) 人教社新課程2003年審核 題型:014
They will do ________ they ________ help us to form a football team.
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科目:高中英語 來源:2013年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試(天津卷)英語 題型:050
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科目:高中英語 來源:2010-2011黑龍江慶安三中高二下學(xué)期期中考試英語試卷 題型:完型填空
My husband is an engineer. Since we met, he has always been the rock in my life. I knew he had his feet 36 planted on the ground ,and it seemed that no matter what else went 37 , he would be the constant one.
Three years of romance and two years of marriage later, I began to feel 38 of him because he never brought me flowers , he never 39 me, and nothing had changed in our marriage.
After 40 , I finally told him I wanted to be 41 . He just sat there , speechless and didn’t even know __42__to say to make me stay . Finally , he spoke ,“What can I do to change your 43 ?”
“I’ll stay if you have a good answer 44 this question,” I replied coldly!癐f I asked for a 45
growing on a cliff, and getting it for me 46 certain death, would you still do so ?”
His face grew troubled.“Can I give you the answer tomorrow morning ?” With that , my heart 47 . He couldn’t even give me an answer 48 away.
The next morning , I found he was 49 .However, I found a note under a warm glass of milk . My eyes 50 misty as I was reading it
“Dear, I’ll give you my 51 .
After you do typing for a long time , I need my 52 to do it for you.
Every time you leave the house , you forget your keys . I need my legs to run 53 and open the door for you… that’s why I cannot pick the flower for you….”
With tears 54from my eyes , I opened the door. And there he was , with an extremely worried look on his face, waving the packet he had in his hand in front of me.
Just because someone doesn’t love you 55 you want him to, it doesn’t meant that he doesn’t love you heart and soul.
【小題1】A deeply B firmly C slightly D totally
【小題2】A different B crazy C exciting D excited
【小題3】A liked B tried C fond D tired
【小題4】Afrightened B loved C surprised D lost
【小題5】Asome time B sometime C sometimes D some times
【小題6】A in B up C down D out
【小題7】A what B which C how D when
【小題8】A saying B comment C opinion D mind
【小題9】A to B of C for D about
【小題10】Atree B moon C flower D butterfly
【小題11】Ameant B resulted C caused D led
【小題12】Asank B settled C rose D worried
【小題13】A soon B straight C straightly D quickly
【小題14】Amissed B missing C losing D lost
【小題15】Afell B changed C grew D got
【小題16】Adscriptions B causes C lists D reasons
【小題17】Aheart B fingers C mind D arms
【小題18】A home B at home C out D in
【小題19】Asteaming B sretching C streaming D spreading
【小題20】Alike it B way C how D the way
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Sociologists have long recognized that organizations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.
68.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?
A.An organization of less than 200 individuals.
B.An organization of more than 200 individuals.
C.An organization of less than 150 individuals.
D.An organization of more than 150 individuals.
69.We can solve the communication problem within a large organization by .
A.a(chǎn)llowing free flow of information
B.maintaining a formal structure of relationships
C.structuring larger organizations into smaller units
D.structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationship
70.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation .
A.seemed to be more difficult B.seemed to be more satisfying
C.seemed to be more successful D.seemed to be more effective
71.What can b e concluded from the last paragraph?
A.It’s unwise to do away with the coffee room when designing a new office building.
B.The coffee room is the most important place in an office building.
C.Useful information was formally being exchanged over their sandwiches in the coffee room.
D.The coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury.
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