10.Unlike chemists and physicists,who usually do their experiments using machines,biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats.But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves-all in the name of science,reported The Telegraph.
1.Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist.He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
Experiments had been done on horses before,so he wanted to try with human patients.But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up,F(xiàn)orssmann decided to experiment on himself.He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut,putting the pipe 30centimeters into his vein (靜脈).He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
2.Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress,spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid.But in 1979an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria (細菌) called Helicobacter pylori.
So he teamed up with his colleague,Barry Marshall,to continue the study.When their request to experiment on patients was denied,Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria.Five days later,he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning-he indeed had gastritis.
3.Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell.He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn't yet use his method to treat patients.So in 2007,when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year,he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues,he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (療法).Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer,he lived four and a half years,much longer than doctors had said he would.
33.The passage is mainly aboutD.
A.some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselves
B.difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveries
C.the reasons why some scientists chose to experiment on themselves
D.three Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves
34.Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?C
A.Forssmann's experiment ended in failure.
B.Forssmann managed to do his experiment on different kinds of animals.
C.Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.
D.Barry Marshall's experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors'belief about gastritis was correct.
35.From the text,we can conclude that Ralph SteinmanB.
A.discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell
B.tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself
C.knew that he himself would have cancer and die from it
D.believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer.
分析 本文主要介紹了三位諾貝爾獎獲得者為了醫(yī)學(xué)研究,在自己身上做實驗的故事.
解答 33.D.主旨大意題.根據(jù)第一段第二句"But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves"以及下面分別介紹了這三位科學(xué)家的內(nèi)容,可知,本文主要介紹了三位諾貝爾獎獲得者為了醫(yī)學(xué)研究,在自己身上做實驗的故事,故選D.
34.C.細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)2.Barry Marshall 中第二段"Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria.Five days later,he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning-he indeed had gastritis."可知,馬歇爾是通過喝了一些幽門螺旋桿菌而實驗成功,故選C.
35.B.推理判斷題.根據(jù)最后一段"This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell."和"he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (療法)."可知Ralph Steinman用了包括自己的研究方法在內(nèi)的不同療法,故選B.
點評 細節(jié)理解題是人物故事類閱讀的主要題型,要抓住題干關(guān)鍵詞,采用尋讀定位的方法查找細節(jié).推理判斷題要基于文章內(nèi)容,以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù),立足已知,推斷未知.不能主觀臆想,憑空想象,隨意揣測.