For photographers lacking training, experience and even the ability to click a shutter button, they produce remarkable pictures．Under the sea, deep in the woods and high in the sky, furry, feathery and leathery-skinned creatures are opening up vistas（遠景）by taking cameras where no human can go．
This is the world of animal-borne imagine celebrated last month at a conference sponsored(supported) by the National Geographic Society for the 20th anniversary of its Crittercam, the device that started it all．
Since its debut（首次公開露面）in 1987 on the back of a turtle, the Crittercam and similar devices developed by others have grown smaller and more powerful．
“It’s more than just a camera now,” said Greg Marshall, the marine biologist and now filmmaker who invented the Crittercam．“We are now including more instruments to gather more data while at the same time reducing everything in size．”
The idea of attaching video cameras to animals came to Mr．Marshall in 1986 on a dive off Belize when a shark apporached him．When the animal quickly turned away, he noticed a shark with a sucker fish on its belly．He came up with the idea that putting a camera in place of the sucker fish would allow people to witness the shark’s behavior without disturbing it．
Crittercams have been attached to sharks, sea lions and other marine animals, and, more recently, to land animals．
Birds are a new addition, Mr．Marshall said．Dr．Christian Rutz of Oxford recently reported on tiny cameras called feathercams that monitor the crows in the South Pacific．It has discovered that crows are smarter than anyone knew they not only use twigs（嫩枝）and grass stems as tools to root out food, but they also save their favorite tools to use again．
Tracey L．Rogers, director of the Australian Marine Mammal Research Center in Sydney, said crittercam was a powerful tool in her work with leopard seals（豹斑海豹）in Antarctica．“In studying animals,” Dr．Rogers said at the meeting, “you want to see how our animal models align（與……一致）with reality．With a camera, you actually see what they do．You don’t have to guess．”
【小題1】What’s the text mainly about?

A．The advantages of crittercam．
B．The development of Crittercams in the past 20 years．
C．How crittercam was invented．
D．How crittercam works．
【小題2】What inspired Marshall to invent crittercam?
A．The sight of sucker fish clinging to a shark on a dive．
B．The thought of how to photograph animals better．
C．Noticing a shark eating a sucker fish on a dive．
D．Seeing a shark with a camera on its belly on a dive．
【小題3】According to Dr．Rogers, crittercam ____．
A．can clear up all your doubts about animals
B．is the most powerful tool in studying animals
C．enabled her to observe the crows in the South Pacific closely
D．helped a lot with her research on leopard seals in Antarctica
【小題4】All of the following are improvements of crittercams EXCEPT that ____．
A．the size is becoming smaller
B．more instruments are involved to gather more data
C．they allow researchers to see where and how animals live
D．they are able to be applied to smaller animals such as birds

【小題1】B【小題1】A【小題1】D【小題1】C

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科目：高中英語 來源：同步題 題型：閱讀理解

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     In many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying. Learning to use the controls is
easy and comes quickly, and you can measure the results in terms of sharp and correctly de- veloped pictures.
Once you have mastered that, you can start on the second step of your photographic work. Using these basic
skills in the wide variety of situations to give the pictures you want, noticing what you see through the
viewfinder and turning that into the most effective picture become totally interesting.
     All good photographs have one thing in common: there is no doubt what the subject of the picture is meant
to be. Every photog- rapher must use those same standards to his or her work, not only to finished results but
to the subject before he or she takes it. Always work out quite clearly what the subject of the picture is to be
and why you are taking the picture. For example, "I am going to take a picture of this street to show the
different styles and ages of the buildings and that people have been living,working and shopping in them since
time began." By doing this you have a better idea of what to include in the picture and what to leave out. How
often have you been shown photographs taken by people away on a trip some- where? The judgment is always
similar, something about"the car park is out of the picture to the left",or " you can't quite see from this picture
but if you go up the street". The photographs are usual- ly collections of buildings, people, parked cars,
possibly a distant look of an ancient church, and best of all, a figure which you are told is Aunt Henrietta,
disappearing in the middle distance. When photographers show you their pictures, they have a clear idea of
what they want to bring to your attention, but it often does not ap- pear in the picture. If they had given just a
little of their time to think about their future judgment before taking the picture, then the picture would relate its
own story. Good pictures can show their sub- jects quickly and easily.
1. What does the first sentence of the passage mean?
A. The skills of photography are not as satisfactory nowadays as before.
B. The earliest pictures were the best pictures people have ever taken.
C. The present-day photography depends more on technology than on art.
D. Learning to produce a sharp and correctly developed picture is only the first step
     in photography and is easily learned.
2. What will it bring you if you decide the purpose of the photo- graph in advance?
A. It will allow you to leave out unnecessary material.
B. It will allow you to stand in the best place.
C. It will help you to vary the subjects of your pictures.
D. It means you will waste less time.
3. Many photographers fail because____.
A. their pictures include both buildings and people
B. everything is not clear in their pictures
C. the subjects of their pictures are not obvious
D. the explanation given for their pictures is mistaken
4. What book is this passage most likely taken from?
A. A book on photography for news reporters.
B. A book on how to photograph people.
C. A book on choosing the right camera.
D. A book on improving photographic techniques.

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