2007年英語高考復(fù)習(xí)第一部分  詞法

第1章  主謂一致

一.概念:

主謂一致是指：

1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。

2） 意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。

3） 就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，

　　  一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　    There is much water in the thermos.

　　  但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

　    Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

二.相關(guān)知識點精講

1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：

　  Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫很重要。

　  注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。例如：

　  The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對我們的生活有重要意義。

典型例題

　  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were

答案B. 注： 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時，先排除A.，C。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別，monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應(yīng)選B。

2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則

1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：

　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。

　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個男孩，二十三個女孩。

2）當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如：

　Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。

3.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致

當(dāng)主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：

　  The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。

　  He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。

4. 謂語需用單數(shù)的情況

1）代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時，或主語中含有each, every時, 謂語需用單數(shù)。例如：

　   Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機。

　   There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。

2）當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：

　   The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。

　3）表示金錢，時間，價格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時，通常把這些名詞看作一個整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如：

　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個星期來做準(zhǔn)備。

　   Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。

5.指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)

1）代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：

All is right.　一切順利。

All are present.　人都到齊了。

2）集體名詞作主語時，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時強調(diào)這個集體中的各個成員，用單數(shù)時強調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：

　　 His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。

　　 His family are music lovers.　他家個個都是音樂愛好者。

　   但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

　　 Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎？

3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數(shù)，有時看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　   A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。

　   The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。

　   A number of books have lent out.

　   The majority of the students like English.

6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況

1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：

　   Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運動。

2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報道了一連串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語時，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：

　   Many a person has read the novel.　許多人讀過這本書。

　   More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來自這個城市。

三.鞏固練習(xí)

（    ） 1. The number of people invited  ______  fifty, but a number of them  _______  absent for different reasons.

    A. were,  was                       B. was, was

    C. was,  were                       D. were, were

（   ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones,  ________ an important part in daily communication.

    A. is playing                        B. have played

    C. are playing                       D. play

（    ） 3. ______  of the land in that district  ______  covered with trees and grass.

    A. Two fifth,  is                     B. Two fifth,  are

    C. Two fifths,  is                    D. Two fifths,  are

（   ） 4.  Ten minutes  ______  a long time for one who waits.

    A. seem                           B. seems

    C. seemed                         D. are seemed

（   ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who  _____  a driving license.

    A. has                              B. have

    C. is having                         D. are having’

（    ） 6. Joy and Sorrow  _____  next-door neighbours.

    A. is              B. are          C. were         D. be

（    ）7. In my opinion, some of the news  _____  unbelievable.

    A. are              B. is           C. has been      D. have been

（    ）8. When  ______  the United Nations founded?

    A. is               B. are           C. was          D. were

（    ）9. Every possible means  _____  .

    A. has tried                           B. has been tried

    C. was tried                           D. were tried

（    ） 10. What she says and does  _____  nothing to do with me.

    A. was                  B. were        C. has         D. have

（    ）11. There  _____  a dictionary and several books on the desk.

    A. are                   B. must         C. have been   D. is

（    ）12. Nobody  ______  seen the film.  It’s a pity.

    A. but Tom and Jack have                   B. except Tom and Jack have

    C. but my friends has                       D. but I have

（    ）13. No teacher and no student  ______．

    A. are admitted                            B. is admitted

    C. are admitting                           D. is admitting

（    ）14. All but one  ______ here just now.

    A. is               B. was                C. has been         D. were

（    ）15. When and where to build the new factory  _____  yet.

    A. is not decided                           B. are not decided

    C. has not decided                          D. have not decided

（    ） 16. The writer and singer  ______  here.

A. is           B. are         C. were         D. do

（   ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes  _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.

        A. are    B. was          C. is           D. were

（   ） 18.  In those days John with his classmates  _____  kept busy preparing for the exam.

          A. is                   B. are

          C. was                 D. were

（   ） 19. ―― ____  your clothes?

       ――No,  mine  _____ hanging over there.

        A. Is it, is                    B. Are these, are

        C. Is it, are                   D. Are these, is

（  ） 20. The Smith’s family, which  ____  rather a large one,  ____ very fond of their old houses.

         A. were, were                B. was, was

         C. were, was                 D. was, were

（  ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say  _____ that either of the countries  ____ beautiful.

        A. are,  are                     B. is, is

        C. are, is                        D. is, are

（   ） 22. He is the only one of the students who  _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

        A. is                           B. are

        C. have been                     D. has been

（   ） 23. _____  of my brothers are reporters.  Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings  ______  their duty.

         A. Each, are                     B. Both, is

         C. Neither, are                   D. None, is

（   ） 24. ―― What do you think of the ______ of the coat?

        ―― It’s rather high.  You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.

        A. value          B. cost           C. price    D. use

（   ） 25. ―― Are the two answers correct?

        ―― No,   ______  correct.

        A. no one is                      B. both are not

        C. neither is                      D. either is not

（   ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog,  _____  making sailing difficult.

        A. have been                     B. was

        C. /                             D/ are

四.答案1.C   2.  A   3. C    4. B   5. A   6.  B   7. B    8. C   9. B  10. C   11. D   12. C   13. B   14. D  15. A   16. A  17. C   18. C   19. B   20. D   21. B   22. D   23. B   24. C   25. C   26. B

第2章  動詞的時態(tài)

一. 概念:

時態(tài)是英語謂語動詞的一種形式,表示動作發(fā)生的時間和所處的狀態(tài).英語中的時態(tài)是通過動詞形式本身的變化來實現(xiàn)的.英語有16種時態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時,一般過去時,一般將來時,過去將來時,現(xiàn)在進行時,過去進行時,將來進行時,過去完成時,英在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時.

二.相關(guān)知識點精講

1.一般現(xiàn)在時的用法

1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday。例如：

　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。

2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。例如：

　   The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動。

　   Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。

3） 表示格言或警句。例如：

　   Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必敗。

　   注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。

4） 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。例如：

　   I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

　   Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。

比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

　　　      I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。

　　第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標(biāo)志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。

2. 一般過去時的用法

1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：

　  Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？

2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。例如：

　  When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那時，布朗一家無論什么時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎�！　　　　�

3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……時間了"　 "該……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.　 你該睡覺了。

　           It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了"　 "早該……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.　　　你早該睡覺了。

　       　  would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。

4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。

比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）

　　      Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）

　　      Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

　　      Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）

注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。

1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

　　　 Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？

　　　 I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。

2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would。例如：

　　　 Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？

3.一般將來時

1）　shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。例如：

　　  Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？

　　  Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎？

2）　be going to +不定式，表示將來。

　    a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

　    b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。

　    c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。

　3）　be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：

　　   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。

4）　 be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：

　　   He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。

　 注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。

 4. 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來

1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：

　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。

　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。

2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：

　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。

　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。

3）在時間或條件句中。例如：

　　　 When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。

　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。

4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：

　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。

　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。

 5. 用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來

　 下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來。例如：

　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

　 Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？

6. 現(xiàn)在完成時

　　現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have （has） +過去分詞。

7. 比較一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時

1）一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。

2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。

一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。

現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。

共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

　     一般過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday. （強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了）

I have seen this film. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）

Why did you get up so early? （強調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）

He has been in the League for three years. （在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）

He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）

　　  句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。

（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型 

1）It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。

This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：

This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影�！�

9.過去完成時

1） 概念：表示過去的過去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。

那時以前　      那時　  現(xiàn)在　　　　　　

2） 用法

　    a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：

　　    She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。

　    b. 狀語從句

　　    在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。例如：

　　    When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。

　    c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：

　　    We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。

3）　過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

　      He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。

　      By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。

　      Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。

10. 用一般過去時代替過去完成時

1）　兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：

　　  When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。

　　  My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。

2 ） 兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：

　　  When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3）　敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：

　　  Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.將來完成時

　1） 構(gòu)成will have done

　2） 概念　

a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。

　　b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動作或獲得的經(jīng)驗。例如：

　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時，你已經(jīng)到達上海了

12現(xiàn)在進行時

　  現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：

　  a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：

　　   We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。

　  b. 習(xí)慣進行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：

　　   Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在寫另一部小說。（說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）

　　c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：

　　  The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。

　　  It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。

　  d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：

　　  You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。

13. 過去進行時

1）概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。

2）過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作延續(xù)的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。

3） 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：

　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。

　　 It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。

　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。

14. 將來進行時

1） 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。例如：

　　　She'll be coming soon. 她會很快來的。

　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。

注意：將來進行時不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.

2）常用的時間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時，我正躺在海灘上呢。

15. 一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如：

　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。

16. 一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般過去時

1 ） "書上說"，"報紙上說"等。例如：

　    The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報紙上說明天會很冷的。

　2） 敘述往事，使其生動。例如：

Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的軍隊正在向前挺進，大戰(zhàn)開始了

17. 一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時

1） 有些動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：

　  I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。

　  I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。

2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：

It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。

18. 一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在進行時。

在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在進行時。例如：

　  There goes the bell. 鈴響了。

19. 現(xiàn)在進行時代替將來時

1） 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計劃好的活動。例如：

　　 Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎?

　　 We are leaving soon.　 我們馬上就走。

2） 漸變動詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動詞die等。例如：

　　 He is dying. 他要死了。

20.時態(tài)一致

　 1） 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對不變的事實，則用現(xiàn)在時。例如：

　  At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時，人們不知道地球是動的。

　  He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。

　 2） 賓語從句中的，助動詞ought, need, must, dare 的時態(tài)是不變的。例如：

　  He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認為我不必告訴你真相。

三.鞏固練習(xí):

1、I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2、Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop)
3、I don’ t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take)
4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 “What are they doing?”  “They __________ ready for the sports meeting.” (get)
6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday.
9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now?
12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year?
13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football?”  B: “_____you ____(do) your homework?”
17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician       ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.
19、They often   _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20、A: What’re you doing Dad?  B: I _______ (mend) the radio.

21、Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn’t   __(get) a ticket.
23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don’ t make any noise, Grandma  ___________  (sleep).
27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they   ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29、There   ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday.
30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33、I’m very glad___________ (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now.
44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.

46、The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week.
47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago.
48、The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now. Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch).
49、She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.
50、 “What makes you ___________ (think) I’m a farmer?” the Frenchman asked.

四.答案  

1.     comes

2.     stopped

3.     will take

4.     put

5.     are getting

6.     to let

7.     waiting

8.     took … to finish

9.     is

10.  do

11.  is singing

12.  Was

13.  has taught

14.  doesn’t rain

15.  listens

16.  Have … done

17.  to hear … will give

18.  didn’t snow

19.  play

20.  am mending

21.  carry

22.  wanted , get

23.  will write

24.  has visited

25.  writes

26.  is sleeping

27.  was doing

28.  reached

29.  will be

30.  have known

31.  comes

32.  will have

33.  to hear

34.  has gone

35.  happened

36.  visited

37.  has made

38.  will go

39.  is raining

40.  writes

41.  gave

42.  have lived

43.  is showing

44.  will build

45.  will clean

46.  is cleaned

47.  joined

48.  are having, go … watch

49.  has worked

think

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

第三章   動詞的語態(tài)

一.概念:

   動詞的語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式,表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關(guān)系.英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài).主動語態(tài)用于主動句,表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者.被動語態(tài)用于被動句,表示主語是動作的承受者.主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動詞時態(tài)相同,而被動語態(tài)由 助動詞be+過去分詞 構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時態(tài)的變化.

二. 相關(guān)知識點精講

1. let 的用法

　1）當(dāng)let后只有一個單音節(jié)動詞，變被動語態(tài)時，可用不帶to 的不定式。例如：

They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。

---> The strange was let go.

　2）當(dāng)let 后賓補較長時，let 通常不用被動語態(tài)，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：

　　 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那護士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。

　　 ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

2.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

　  短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：

　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。

　　Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事聞所未聞。

3. 表示"據(jù)說"或"相信" 的詞組，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如：

　　It is said that…　　 據(jù)說　　

It is reported that… 據(jù)報道　　　

It is believed that…　大家相信　　　　　

It is hoped that…　大家希望

It is well known that… 眾所周知　　

It is thought that…　大家認為

It is suggested that…　據(jù)建議　　　　　

It is taken granted that…　 被視為當(dāng)然　

It has been decided that… 大家決定　　

It must be remember that… 務(wù)必記住的是

4. 不用被動語態(tài)的情況

　1） 不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 結(jié)束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒有無被動語態(tài)。例如：

　  After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火過后，我家燒得所剩無幾。

　  比較：rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。

　　要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。

　 2） 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：

　This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。

　    Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說的與我們聽說的一致。

　 3） 系動詞無被動語態(tài)，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 聽上去不錯。

　 4） 帶同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)。例如：

She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個惡夢。

　 5） 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態(tài)。例如：

　　  （對） She likes to swim.

　　  （錯） To swim is liked by her.

 5. 主動形式表示被動意義

　1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：

　　 The book sells well.　　這本書銷路好。

　　 This knife cuts easily.　 這刀子很好用。

　2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：

　　 I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。

　　 Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。

　3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容詞）, deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：

　　 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。

　　 This book is worth reading.　這本書值得一讀。

4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb. heard / understood （使別人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如：

     Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。

6. 被動形式表示主動意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：

　　He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。

　　注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：

　　He married a rich girl. 他與一個富妞結(jié)婚了。

　　He got married to a rich girl.

7.need/want/require/worth

　　當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時，表示的是被動意義。例如：

　　　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的頭發(fā)該理了。

　　　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。

三.鞏固練習(xí)

   1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.

2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike?

3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.

4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.

5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).

6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town?

7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you?

8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him? 

----I______ (see) him last Sunday.

9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.

10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.

11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).

12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.

13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.

14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..

15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.

16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.

17. The students _____________ (do) their homework.   __________ (not make) any noise!

18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing?  ----Yes. I________ (go) there last week.

19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.

20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.

21. A pen is used for__________ (write).

22. All that must ________ (do).

23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she asked me to go shopping with her.

24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.

25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This evening he ________ (tell) two stories.

26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class.  It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.

27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)?

28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).

四.答案

 

1.     have taught

2.     using

3.     are sweeping

4.     weren’t listening

5.     to receive

6.     have … lived

7.     came … didn’t

8.     did … see, saw

9.     would be used

10.  would happen

11.  had … left

12.  have been built

13.  be cleaned

14.  was lying

15.  was raining

16.  was cooking

17.  are doing, Don’t make

18.  have … beeen, went

19.  arrives

20.  are made

21.  writing

22.  be done

23.  to choose

24.  to learn

25.  tells, will tell

 

第四章  動詞的語氣

一.概念

語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣.語氣表示說話人對勸詞所示示的動作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.

二.相關(guān)知識點精講

1.辨別if 引導(dǎo)真實條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別

If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.

If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.

2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動詞構(gòu)成形式如下表

 

if條件句中的謂與動詞

主句的謂與動詞

與現(xiàn)在的事實相反

 

1. 行為動詞用did 形式

2. be動詞用were

should

would

could   + 動詞原形

might

與過去的事實相反

 

had + done

should

would

could   + have + done

might

與將來的事實相反

1. 行為動詞用did

2. should + 動詞原形

3. were to + 動詞原形

should

would

could   + 動詞原形

might

3.混合時間的虛擬語氣

如果條件句中的動作和主句的動作不是同時發(fā)生，主句和從句的謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。

1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.

2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.

3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.

4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.

4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“過去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實際上卻沒做”

needn’t have done 表示“過去沒必要作而實際上做了”

5.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句

如果虛擬語氣的條件從句謂語動詞中含有were, had, could, should，有時可將if省去，而將條件從句的主語置于were, had, should, could 之后。

Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.

Were I you, I would do more practice after class.

Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.

6.wish 后面的賓語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不該…； 但愿…�！�

主句謂語

從句謂語

wish

時態(tài)

謂語動詞的形式

現(xiàn)在時

表示與wish同時發(fā)生

動詞用過去時

be動詞用were

過去時

表示在wish之前發(fā)生的動作

動詞用had done

be用had been

將來時

表示在wish之后發(fā)生的動作

動詞用would do; should do

be 用 would be ; should be

1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.

2)I wish I were ten years younger.

3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.

4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.

5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.

7.表示命令或建議動詞suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬 should +動詞原形； should 不可用would 來替代; 主句所使用的動詞時態(tài)不限。

8.suggest 為“建議去做…; 命令…”從句用should + do

為“ 說明； 暗示”, 從句用過去時或過去完成時。

1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.

2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.

9.insist “堅持要去做…，堅持應(yīng)該去做”，從句用should + do為“堅持表明，堅持說/解釋”， 從句用過去時或過去完成時。

10.虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語從句中，表示間接的命令、要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語從句中的謂語動詞是should +動詞原型，should 可以省略。

11.在主語從句中，當(dāng)從句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等，從句的謂語動詞用需擬語氣形式。其謂語動詞時should + 動詞原型， 或should 省略。

三.鞏固練習(xí)

1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.

A. will be                  B. would have been

C. could have been      D. would be

2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.

A. am       B. was          C. were         D. would be

3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.

A. comes        B. will come        C. should come      D. come

4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.

A. rains        B. will rains       C. would rain           D. should rain

5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.

A. were to do       B. do       C. had done         D. was to do

6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?

A. is           B. will be          C. were         D. be

7. If he had worked harder, he _________.

A. would succeed            B. had succeeded

C. should succeed           D. would have succeeded

8. If he ________, he _________ that food.

A. was warned; would not take

B. had been warned; would not have taken

C. would be warned; had not taken

D. would have been warned; had not taken

9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.

A. had been; would have prevented

B. had been; would prevent

C. were; would prevent

D. were; would have prevented

10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.

A. had seen; could have believed        B. saw; couldn’t believe

C. saw; couldn’t have believed     D. has seen; had believed

11. ―Do you think the thief entered through the window?

―No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.

A. he would have            B. he must have

C. he had                   D. should he have

12. ―Did you go swimming last Sunday?

 ―No. We would have gone ______ nicer.

A. if the weather was

B. would the weather have been

C. had the weather been

D. should the weather be

13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.

A. Had; not been            B. Should; not been

C. Did; not been            D. Not; been

14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Would have left          B. Was he leaving

C. Were he to leave     D. If he leaves

15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.

A. should be built      B. would built

C. will be built            D. built

四.答案

1.D  2.C  3.C  4.D  5.A  6.C  7.D  8.B  9.A  10.A  11.D  12.C  13.A  14.C  15.A

 

第5章  助動詞

一.概念:

   助動詞是幫助主要動詞構(gòu)成各種時態(tài),語態(tài),語氣以及否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞.助動詞分為時態(tài)助動詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動詞兩種.

二.相關(guān)知識點精講:

  1. 助動詞be的用法

1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)。例如：

They are having a meeting.　他們正在開會。

English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。

2）　be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如：

The window was broken by Tom..　窗戶是湯姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world.　世界各地都教英語。

3） be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：

　    a. 表示最近、未來的計劃或安排。例如：

　　  He is to go to New York next week..　他下周要去紐約。

　　  We are to teach the freshmen.　我們要教新生。

　　  說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態(tài)表達法。

　    b. 表示命令。例如：

　　  You are to explain this.　對此你要做出解釋。

　　  He is to come to the office this afternoon.　要他今天下午來辦公室。

　    c.　征求意見。例如：

　　  How am I to answer him?　我該怎樣答復(fù)他？

　　  Who is to go there?　誰該去那兒呢？

　    d. 表示相約、商定。例如：

　　  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.　我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。

2. 助動詞have的用法

1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。例如：

　　   He has left for London.　他已去了倫敦。

　　   By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.　 上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。

　　2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進行時。例如：

　     I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語，已達十年之久。

　  3）have +been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動語態(tài)。例如：

　     English has been taught in China for many years. 中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。

3.助動詞do 的用法

1）構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如：

　   Do you want to pass the CET?　你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎？

　   Did you study German?　你們學(xué)過德語嗎？

2）do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如：

　   I do not want to be criticized.　 我不想挨批評。

　   He doesn't like to study.　 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。

　   In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.　

過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。

3） 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：

　   Don't go there.　不要去那里。

　   Don't be so absent-minded.　不要這么心不在焉。

說明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。

4）放在動詞原形前，加強該動詞的語氣。例如：

　   Do come to my birthday party.　一定來參加我的生日宴會。

　   I did go there.　我確實去那兒了。

　   I do miss you.　我確實想你。

5）用于倒裝句。例如：

　   Never did I hear of such a thing.　 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。

　   Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進了大學(xué)以后，我們才認識到英語的重要性。

說明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6）用作代動詞。例如：

　   ---- Do you like Beijing?　--你喜歡北京嗎？

　   ---- Yes, I do.　--是的，喜歡。（

說明：在過去的語法中，語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱�，F(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較:

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2)shall 用于第二、三人稱時表允諾，警告，命令，威脅（現(xiàn)已少見），如：

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