考點(diǎn)1、行為動(dòng)詞

行為動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語(yǔ)意思才完整，不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)意思也完整，但很多動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞。

He studies English well.

He studies hard.

Father often reads newspapers after supper.

When I came in ,he was reading .

考點(diǎn)2、連系動(dòng)詞

連系動(dòng)詞本 身具有一定意義，表示某人或某事物的狀態(tài)或特征。連系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，其后可接名詞、形容詞、副詞和介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)。

She looked tired,but she soon felt better.

He always seems very quiet,but sometimes he makes trouble.

She looks like her sister.

Keep quiet.

連系動(dòng)詞

詞  義

示     例

be

是

It is sunny today.

become

成為  變得

The boy became interested in science.

get

變得

The days get longer.

turn

變得

The trees turn green in spring.

grow

成長(zhǎng)，變得

The world population is growing faster and faster

keep

保持

You must look after yourself and keep healthy.

seem

似乎，好象

She seems much better now.

feel

感到，摸起來(lái)

She feels terrible now.

look

看起來(lái)

The flower looks very beautiful.

smell

聞起來(lái)

The fish smells nice.

sound

聽(tīng)起來(lái)

The song sounds wonderful

taste

嘗起來(lái)

The cake tastes good.

注意

含連系動(dòng)詞（除be外）的句子變疑問(wèn)句時(shí)一定要借助do , does , did

考點(diǎn)3、助動(dòng)詞

助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有次詞義，不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等語(yǔ)法形式，或用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常用的助動(dòng)詞有be(am/is/are/,was,were),  do/does/did ,  have/has/had ,shall / will,

would/should等.

助動(dòng)詞

用    法

示     例

Be(am/is/are/was/were)

助動(dòng)詞be+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

We’re having an English lesson.

She was writing when I left.

助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

English is spoken by many people.

This factory was opened in 2002.

do/does/did

構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句

Do you often get up early?

He didn’t go to school yesterday.

構(gòu)成否定的祈使句（do）

Don’t play football in the street.

have/has/had

跟動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一起構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)

He has gong to America.

She said she had kept the book for two weeks.

will/shall

跟動(dòng)詞的原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)

What shall we do tomorrow?

I’ll go fishing next Sunday.

would/should

跟動(dòng)詞的原形一起構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

I didn’t know if she would come.

I wondered if I should go

考點(diǎn)4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人的某種感情或語(yǔ)氣，對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的某種態(tài)度，認(rèn)為可能、應(yīng)當(dāng)、必要等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can/could,may/might, must ,need ,should ,used to,had better等。

1.can/could的用法

（1）.表示能力

Can you drive a car ?No,I can’t .

She can speak English and French.

He could swim when he was five.

（2）.表示許可或請(qǐng)求許可，could比can語(yǔ)氣更委婉客氣，而且could并不是can的過(guò)去時(shí)，could和can沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差別。

Can I help you ?

Could you lend me your bike?

2.may和might的用法

（1）表示許可或請(qǐng)求許可，may=can, might=could

May/Can I come in ?Yes,you may/can.No,you mustn’t.

（2）may be和maybe

He may be at home.=Maybe he is at home.

3.must的用法

（1）    表示“必須”“應(yīng)該”

否定式“must not/mustn’t”表示“不應(yīng)該”“不準(zhǔn)”等。在回答帶有must的問(wèn)句時(shí)，否定式常用needn’t或don’t have to ，而不用mustn’t。

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

You mustn’t speak like that.

Must I be home before eight o’clock?

Yes,you must.No,you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.

(2) must和 have to

must和have to都可以表示必須，但must表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，have to表示客觀需要。must只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)，要表示過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)需要用had to和will have to .

I must go now.

I have to go now.

The room is dirty.I have to clean it now.

You don’t have to worry about that.

The students will have to know how to use the computer.

4.need的用法

（1）need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“需要”、“必須”。主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，較少用于肯定句。

You needn’t hurry.There’s a little time to go .

Need I come on Sunday ?Yes,I’m afraid you must. No,you needn’t

（2）need作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞既可用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句、又可用于肯定句，其后可跟名詞、代詞、不定式；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)名詞，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。

We need some help.

I don’t need things like that.

You need to buy a computer.

Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned.

Our classroom needs repairing.=Our classroom needs to be repaired

5．can , may表推測(cè)“可能”,must表推測(cè)“一定”“肯定”

(1)can表推測(cè)“可能”,只能用于疑問(wèn)句中或否定句中。

Can it be true?    It can’t be true.

(2)may表推測(cè)“可能”主要用于肯定句中或否定句中。

You may be right.   He may be ill.

(3)must表推測(cè)“一定”“肯定”通常只用于肯定句中，在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中用can代之。

The door is open.He must be at home.

It must be true.

注意：must表推測(cè)，用于反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，該句助動(dòng)詞不能用，而是根據(jù)其后動(dòng)詞的形式來(lái)決定。

It must still be there,isn’t it?

He must have gone home,hasn’t he ?

6.should表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”

We should help others when they are in trouble.

You shouldn’t eat too much rich food.

7．Used to和be/get used to

（1）used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不如此），to是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成否定式和疑問(wèn)式時(shí)可借助助動(dòng)詞did或直接用used作助動(dòng)詞。

He used to smoke.

He usedn’t/didn’t use to come

You used to go there,usedn’t /didn’t you ?

Did you use to be a teacher.?

（2）be used to“習(xí)慣于……”其中to是介詞，其后要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，不能接動(dòng)詞原形。有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)從不習(xí)慣到習(xí)慣的過(guò)程，可用get used to

She is used to getting up early .

You’ll soon get used to the food here.

8．had better的用法

had better“最好”后只接動(dòng)詞原形。其否定式應(yīng)在之后加not。

You had better have a rest.

You had better not talk in class.

        9.跟動(dòng)詞+ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）

短 語(yǔ) 形 式

釋     義

enjoy

enjoy doing sth.

喜歡做某事

finish

finish doing sth.

完成做某事

keep

keep(sb.)doing sth.

（讓某人）一直做某事

stop

stop doing sth.

停止做某事

go on

go on doing sth.

繼續(xù)做某事

be busy

be busy doing sth.

忙著做某事

like

like doing sth.

喜歡做某事

hear

hear sb. doing sth.

聽(tīng)到某人正做某事

see

see sb. doing sth.

看見(jiàn)某人正做某事

find

find sb. doing sth

發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正做某事

watch

watch sb. doing sth.

觀看某人正做某事

spend

spend time/money (in) doing sth.

花費(fèi)錢/時(shí)間做某事

go

go doing sth.

去做某事

10、用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）

短語(yǔ)形式

例   句

說(shuō)   明

ask,decide,hope,want,agree

choose,wish,would like

+ to do sth.

Would you like to have some tea,please?

這些動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)

learn,hate,like,love,prefer

begin,start

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

I like singing,but now I don’t like to sing.

這些動(dòng)詞在接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing時(shí)，意義差別不大。

try,forget,remember,stop

go on

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

Please remember to lock the door.

這些動(dòng)詞在接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing時(shí)，意義差別很大。

help

+ to do sth.

(+do sth.)

Kate usually helps (to) do some housework at home on Sunday

help后的to可以省略，意義相同

need

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.

You need to go home quickly.

Your shoes need mending

need后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，表示主動(dòng)意義；后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí)，表示被動(dòng)意義。

ask,choose,decide,forget,

know,learn,see,show,teach

tell,understand,find out

疑問(wèn)詞+ to do sth.

I don’t know how to answer this question.

疑問(wèn)詞why沒(méi)有此用法，不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)常為句中主語(yǔ)。

11．用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）

短語(yǔ)形式

例   句

說(shuō)   明

ask,order,send,teach,tell,

want,wish,would like

+ sb. to do sth.

I’d like your parents to come over to my home.

Do you want me to help you?

這些動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

believe,know,think

understand,feel

+ sb. to be

I believe the story to be true.

動(dòng)詞不定式to be可以省略

類  別

單 詞

短 語(yǔ) 形 式

釋 義

感官動(dòng)詞

hear

hear sb. do sth.

聽(tīng)到某人做了某事

see

see sb. do sth.

看見(jiàn)某人做了某事

watch

watch sb. do sth.

觀看某人做了某事

find

find sb. do sth.

發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做了某事

feel

feel sb. do sth.

感覺(jué)某人做了某事

使役動(dòng)詞

make

make sb. do sth.

使（讓）某人做某事

let

let sb. do sth.

讓某人做某事

其    他

help

help sb. do sth.

幫助某人做某事

12、非持/延續(xù)性（短暫性、終止性）動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞的方法

非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

例     句

come/go

be at/in

I came here two days ago.

I have been here for two days.

arrive/reach

be

He arrived here yesterday.

He has been here for two days.

begin/start

be on

The film began five minutes ago.

The film has been on for five minutes.

borrow

keep

He borrowed the book last Sunday.

He has kept the book since last Sunday.

buy

have

My brother bought his book two days ago.

My brother has had his book for two days.

close

be closed

The shop closed three days ago.

The shop has been closed for three days.

die

be dead

His grandpa died two years ago.

His grandpa has been dead for two years.

get up

be up

He got up two hours ago.

He has been up for two hours.

join

be(in)

His brother joined the army in 1998.

His brother has been in the army since1998.

leave

be away from

His father left home last month.

His father has been away from home for two months

lose

not have

I lost my pen three days ago.

I haven’t had my pen for three days.

open

be open

The shop opened last month.

The shop has been open for two months.

put on

wear

I put on my glasses in 1991.

I have worn my glasses for 22 years.

go out

catch a cold

become

fall asleep

get to know

go to sleep

be out

have a cold

be

be asleep

know

sleep

13、雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

概 述

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)，前者常指物，表示動(dòng)作的承受者或結(jié)果，后者常指人，表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或?qū)ο蟆?/p>

結(jié) 構(gòu)

1．動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)

do+sb.+sth.

2．動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞（to/for）+間接賓語(yǔ)

do+sth.+to/for+sb.

說(shuō) 明

1．當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)為人稱代詞時(shí)，用結(jié)構(gòu) 2

2．當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)比間接賓語(yǔ)短時(shí)，常用結(jié)構(gòu)2

3．當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用結(jié)構(gòu)2

4．在give,pass,show,hand,lend,return,sell,send,take,bring等動(dòng)詞之后用to表示“給”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。

5．在buy,get,make,choose,cook,do,find,sing等動(dòng)詞之后用“for”表示“為；替”強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的目的。

14．短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

類   別

特   點(diǎn)

用  法

示   例

動(dòng)詞+副詞

相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞

必須接賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)位于副詞之前或之后，人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)必須放在副詞之前

put on ,try on ,turn on,write down,take off,turn off,turn up,turn down,send up, wake up

相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞

不接賓語(yǔ)

look up,go on,get in,get up

動(dòng)詞+介詞

相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞

必須接賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)位于介詞之后

fall off,get off,get on,call on,go over, operate on

動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞

相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞

必須接賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)一般位于介詞之后

go on with,keep up with

動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞

相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞

必須接賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)一般位于介詞之后

take care of,catch hold of