3. -- Not until we know more will we be able to improve the

　 situation.

　 我們只有了解更多，才能去改善環(huán)境。

　 注意掌握until的以下三種句式：

　 1)陳述句：

　 Jack didn't go to bed until his mother got home.

　 直到媽媽回家了，杰克才去睡覺。

　 2)倒裝句：

　 Not until his mother got home did Jack went to bed.

　 區(qū)到媽媽回家了，杰覓才去睡覺。

　 義如：Not until I began to work did 1 realize how

　 much time I had wasted.

　 直到我開始工作了，我才意識到我浪費了很多時間。

　 3)強調(diào)句：

　 It was not until his mother got home that Jack went to

　 bed.

　 直到媽媽回家了，杰克才去睡覺。

　 義如：It was not until she took off her dark glasses

　 that I recognized she was a famous film star.

　　 直到她取下她的墨鏡后我才認出她是位著名的影星。

2. Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu

　 Rongji, who stressed the need for equalily and

　 fairness in the world.

　 在發(fā)言者中有當時中國的總理朱镕基，他強調(diào)了在

　 世界上平等和公平的必要性。

　 本句中的主句部分是一個倒裝句，其正常語序為：

　 China's then Premier Zhu Rongji wan among the

　 speakers. 這里用了倒裝語序，一方面是為了使上下

　 文銜接緊密，把表語提前；另一方面是為了句子平

　 衡，因為這里的主語很長，其后還有一個非限制性定；

　 語從句，又如：

　 Present at the meeting was Professor Liu, who came

　 from Wuhan University.

　 出席這次大會的有劉教授，來自武漢大學。

　 Gone are the days when Chinese people suffered a great

　 deal from cold and hunger.

　 中國人民飽受饑寒之苦的日子一去不復返了。

1. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must

　 lnake surethat everyone is able to take part in the new

　 world we create.

　 如果我們想成功地推動世界的發(fā)展，我們就必須確

　 保每個人都能加入到我們創(chuàng)造的新世界里來。

　 be + to do 在本句中表示“汁劃、打算”。

　 The French President is to visit Japan.

　 法國總統(tǒng)將到日本訪問。

　 He is to return from Germany tomorrow.

　 他明天將從德國回來。

　 這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可用于下列情況

　 (1) (表義務) 應該做……，必須做……

　 You are to be back by 9 o'clock.

　 你要在9點之前回家。

　 (2) (表可能) 會做……

　 How am I to know what has become of him?

　 我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢?

　 (3)(表命運)注定……

　 He came to Ix)wer．but he was to pay dearly for it；

　 soon he was aasassinated.

　 他得到權(quán)利，但足卻為此付出了昂貴的代價，不久他

　 就被暗殺了。

　 (4)(表虛擬語氣)用if...were to do...

　 If it were to rain tomorrow, the ceremony would be

　 postponed.

　 如果明天下雨的話，典禮就會延期。

5. what's more, what's worse

　 what's more 表示“而且，更重要的是”；what's worse

　 表示“更糟糕的是”，相當于worse still，to make

　 things worse，to make the matter worse，even worse，

　 作插入語用。

　 He is clever, and what's more, he works hard.

　 他很聰明，而且學習很努力。

　 The car broke down when I was driving home from

　 work, and what's worse, it was pouring with rain.

　 下班的路上，我的汽車壞了，更糟糕的是，天下著大

　 雨。

　　 ☆句型詮釋☆

4. state, condition, situation

　 (1)state表“狀態(tài)、狀況”時，強調(diào)人或物在某種特定

　 時期內(nèi)具有的特征和所處的環(huán)境，如：normal state，

　 the mental state，the present state。

　 The people of the world want t0 end the state of war

　 between the two countries．

　 全世界的人民都希望能結(jié)束兩國之間的紛爭狀態(tài)。

　 (2)condition 含義與state基本相同，condition 可指

　 “形勢、事態(tài)、狀態(tài)”等。

　 The goods arrived in good condition.

　 貨物到達時完好無損。

　 (3) situation 意為“形式、情況、局面”時，強調(diào)各種情

　 況之問重要的相互關系以及該情況與有關人之間的

　 關系。

　 The situation in the Middle East in none too happy at

　 present.

　 中東局勢令人堪憂。

3. on board, on the board, on the hoards

　 (1) on board 的意思是“在船(飛機、車)上”。登機

　 (船)可以說go / get on board the plane / train / the

　 ship.

　 We had a pleasant time on board both ships.

　 我們在兩艘船上都度過了快樂的時光。

　 (2) on the board的意思是“在木板上，在布告牌上．

　 在會上討論”。

　 Put the bread on the board before cutting it.

　 切面包前，把面包放在木板上。

The question was on the board yesterday, but the

reult was not out.

問題昨天得到了討淪，但沒有結(jié)果。

　 (3) on the boards 的意思是“做演員，在戲臺上”。

　 He has retired， but he is still on the boards.

　 他退休了，但仍活躍在舞臺上。

2. besides, except, but, except for, apart from, in

　　 addition to, other than

　　 (1) besides 的意思是“除……之外還有”，該介詞后

　　 面所表示的人或物等也包括在總數(shù)內(nèi)。

　　 Ten of us passed besides Tom. (= Tom passed too.)

　　 (2) except 的意思是“不包括在內(nèi)，除去”，該介詞后

　　 面所表示的人或物等不包括在總數(shù)內(nèi)。

　　 All of us passed except Tom. (= Tom did not pass.)

　 它的后面除接名詞和代詞外還可以接介詞、副詞或

　 以that、when引導的從句。

　 He has always been in good health except in the past

　 few days|quite recently I that he had a slight

　 headache in the past few days / when he had a

　 headache.

　 (3) but 作“除外”的意思有一些限制，它只能用在no

　 one, none, all, nobody everyone, everything, who,

　 what, where 等之后，而except的限制很少。

　 (4) except for 表示“除外”一般是指后面所除開的內(nèi)

　 容與前面的內(nèi)容具有所屬關系或后面的部分對前

　 面部分在細節(jié)上加以修正。如果后面的東西與前

　 面的東西屬于同類語，則用except。

　 The esssay is well written except for a few mistakes in

　 the last paragraph.

　 文章寫得很好，除了最后一段幾個小錯洪以外。

　 The wall was bare except for someone postters.

　 墻上除了幾張海報外光禿禿的。

　 We come to school every day except Sunday.

　 除了星期天外，我們天天上學。

　 (5) apart from 既可表示 besides 的意思又可表示

　 except for 的意思。

　 Apart from the ayst, it will take a lot of time. (Apart

　 from = Besides)

　 除了費用外，還要花很多時間。

　 Apart from that, all goes welt. (Apart from = Except

　 for)

　 除了那之外，一切都很順利。

　 (6) in addition to 有besides的意思。

　 We saw a cartoon in addition to .he cowboy movie．

　 我們看了一部關于牛仔的電影，還看卡通片。

　 (7) other than 有except 的意思。

　 There's noboday here other than me.

　 除了我這里沒別人。

1. become, get, grow, turn

　 become, get, grow, turn, 這幾個詞都可以表示“變

　 成”或“成為”的意思。

　 (1) become 強調(diào)變化過程的完成，強調(diào)狀態(tài)的變化。

　 You'll become wiser as you grow older.

　 隨著年齡的增長，你會變得更睿智的。

　 (2) get 強調(diào)造成事件的施動者的作用或變化的結(jié)

　 果。

　 We had better get started at once.

　 我們最好馬上開始。

　 (3) grow 表示漸漸成為新的狀態(tài)，或表示從某種狀

　 態(tài)向其對立的狀態(tài)變化的自然現(xiàn)象，強調(diào)變化的過

　 程。

　 The crowd grew more and more excited as they were

　 waiting the time for the launch of the satellite.

　 隨著火箭發(fā)射時間的到來，等待的人群變得越來越

　 興奮了。

　 (4) turn 指轉(zhuǎn)變成為與原來完全不同的事物，強調(diào)變

　 化的結(jié)果。turn后面接名詞時常不加冠詞，而

　 become后接名詞時則加冠詞。

　 In autumn the leaves on the trees all turn yellow.

　 秋天樹上的葉子都變黃了。

　 Five years later, he turned doctor.

　 = Five years later, he became a doctor.

　 五年后他成了一名醫(yī)生。

5. The man knocking ____ knocked her

　 her bike and　　　　　 her lying on the ground.

　　 A. about; off; left　　　 B. out; out of; made

　　 C. down; down; kept　　 D. over; off; let

　　 ☆詞語比較☆

4. The husband and wife were never in ____ or

　 agreement about anything for five minutes together.

　　 A. satisfaction　　　　　 B. harmony

　　 C. relation　　　　　　　 D. action