1.構(gòu)成: had been doing

2.用法:

①.表示過去某時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前己經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或己存在的狀態(tài), 即“過去的過去”

　　　 　a. When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.

　　　 　b. Marx had learned some English before he got to England.

　　　 　c. He said he had never been to Shanghai.

　　　 　d. By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.

②.在帶有after / before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子中, 由于after / before本身的詞義己經(jīng)表明了時(shí)間的先后, 所以這類句子中常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)

　　　 　a. We left the house before it began to rain.

　　　 　b. I didn’t wait long before he came.

　　　 　c. After we finished the tea, we all sat on the grass.

　　　 　d. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

1.構(gòu)成: had done

2.用法:

①.表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或情況

　　　　 a. This time yesterday we were having an important meeting.

　 　　　b. A year ago we were living in Shanghai.

　 �、�.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, continually, frequently等詞連用, 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的情況

　　　　 a. The old man was always losing his way.

　　　　 b. The two brothers were frequently quarrelling.

③.表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 這一用法僅限于一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞, 如: go, come, start, stay, leave等

④.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常與一般過去時(shí)配合使用, 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去的時(shí)間背景

　　　　 a. The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.

1.構(gòu)成: was / were doing

2.用法:

①.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況, 其中包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作

　　　　 a. I met him yesterday.

　　　　 b. I used to go to school early every morning.

　　　　 c. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk and began to work.

　　　　 d. Last night, I listened to the radio for two hours and went to bed at midnight.

②.在時(shí)間, 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)

　　　　 a. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.

　　 ③.用一般過去時(shí)的句子一般有過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 有時(shí)也用地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)暗示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生是在過去

　　　　 a. Have you seen a pen ? I left it here this morning.

1.構(gòu)成: 用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示

4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別: 前者著重表示過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果; 后者著重表示過去動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行

　　　　 a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己經(jīng)寫了六封信 (強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)

　　　　 b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在寫信 (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在寫”)

　　　　 c. I have read this book.我讀過這本書了(強(qiáng)調(diào)“讀過”這一結(jié)果)

　 　　　　d. I have been reading this book.我一直在讀這本書 (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在讀”)

3.用法:

①.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時(shí)間里一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 此動(dòng)可能仍在進(jìn)行, 也可能剛剛停止

　　　　 a. I have been reading the book all the morning.

　　　　 b. He has been staying here for two hours.

　　　　 c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.

②.表示現(xiàn)在之前的一段時(shí)間里一再重復(fù)的動(dòng)作

　　　　 a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.

2.特征: 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)兩者的特點(diǎn)

①.它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn), 即表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去, 延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響

②.它具有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn), 即可以表示此動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行或還會(huì)繼續(xù)

　　　 　a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今為止教過二十年英語(yǔ), 至于teach是否結(jié)束或是否延續(xù), 不得而知)

　　　 　b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 現(xiàn)在仍在教英語(yǔ),而且將持續(xù)下去)