將不純的鎂粉3g放入盛有50g稀硫酸的燒杯中,恰好完全反應(yīng),測知燒杯中物質(zhì)質(zhì)量減少了0.2g(雜質(zhì)不溶于稀硫酸)試計算:
(1)該反應(yīng)共生成H2______克;
(2)鎂粉中雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量______克;
(3)稀硫酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分數(shù)為______;
(4)反應(yīng)后所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分數(shù)?
解:(1)生成氫氣的質(zhì)量為0.2g
設(shè)鎂粉中鎂的質(zhì)量為x,稀硫酸中含硫酸的質(zhì)量為y,生成硫酸鎂的質(zhì)量為z
Mg+H
2SO
4═MgSO
4+H
2↑
24 98 120 2
x y z 0.2g
x=2.4g
y=9.8g
z=12g
(2)鎂粉中含雜質(zhì)的質(zhì)量=3g-2.4g=0.6g
(3)稀硫酸溶液的質(zhì)量分數(shù)=
×100%=19.6%
(4)反應(yīng)后所得溶液的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分數(shù)為
×100%=23%
答:反應(yīng)后所得溶液的溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分數(shù)為23%
故答案為:(1)0.2 (2)0.6 (3)19.6%
(4)23%
分析:鎂與硫酸反應(yīng)生成硫酸鎂和氫氣,由于氣體氫氣放出而使反應(yīng)后燒杯內(nèi)物質(zhì)質(zhì)量減少,即減少的質(zhì)量為氫氣的質(zhì)量;根據(jù)反應(yīng)的化學方程式,由氫氣的質(zhì)量可計算出參加反應(yīng)金屬鎂的質(zhì)量及硫酸的質(zhì)量;然后利用鎂的質(zhì)量與不純鎂粉質(zhì)量比、硫酸與稀硫酸的質(zhì)量比求出所要計算的質(zhì)量分數(shù).
點評:化學方程式可表示反應(yīng)中各物質(zhì)質(zhì)量關(guān)系,利用反應(yīng)中各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量關(guān)系,由其中任意一物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量都可計算出反應(yīng)中其它物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量