18.It is easy to lose patience with science today.The questions are pressing:How dangerous is air pollution?What about low-level radiation?When will that horrible earthquake strike California?And why can't we predict weather better?But the evidence is often described as"uncertain",forcing scientists to base their points of view almost as much on intuition(直覺)as on science.
When historians and philosophers of science listen to these questions,some conclude that science may not be able to solve all these problems any time soon. The unknowns can grow into riddles that are impossible to solve. Because of the unstable and changing state of the earth's atmosphere,for example,scientists have struggled for centuries to predict the weather with precision(精確) but failed.
The case is different for scientists of astronomy. For example,they think that the gravitational force of a nearby space vehicle,though tiny,is able to change the path of a much larger planet if the vehicle spends enough time close to it. With the aid of Newton's laws of gravitational attraction,ground controllers can predict the path of a planetary probe (探測儀)-or satellite-with incredible accuracy. They do this by calculating the gravitational force from each of the passing planets until the probe speeds beyond the edge of the solar system.A much more difficult task is to calculate what happens when two or three times of such force pull on the probe at the same time. Such procedures can,of course,be very difficult,but for experiments,they are effective.
This range of questions-from simple problems to those impossibly complex-has resulted in nicknames for various fields of study:"soft"sciences and"hard"sciences."Soft"sciences admit a great degree of uncertainty. Academicians tend to judge fields such as sociology,psychology,and political science as"soft"because they are assumed to be understandable,of unnecessary mathematical accuracy,and concerned with everyday affairs such as interpersonal relationships. However,"hard"sciences,such as astronomy and chemistry,are said to offer precise answers. Precise definitions for"hard"sciences vary,but the characteristics of"hard"sciences include:producing testable predictions; performing controlled experiments; relying on quantifiable data and mathematical models; a high degree of accuracy and objectivity; and generally applying a pure form of the scientific method.
67.We can learn from the passage thatD.
A.a(chǎn) large planet is able to change the size of a tiny planet
B.ground controllers can affect the gravitational force of planets
C.calculating the probe speeds beyond the solar system is possible
D.predicting the weather is more difficult than predicting the path of a satellite
68.According to the author,"soft"sciencesA.
A.a(chǎn)llow for certain inaccuracy
B.focus on personal relationships
C.a(chǎn)re based on controlled experiments
D.a(chǎn)re rooted in data and mathematical models
69. What might be the best title for the passage?C
A. Science,a Long History?
C. Science,Accurate or Not?
B. Science and Its Functions
D. Science and Its Application
70. What is the author's attitude towards science in this passage?A
A. Objective. B. Sceptical. C. Disapproval. D. Optimistic.
分析 本文是科技文章閱讀.文章主要講述科學的不確定性,人們應該有耐心地去等待和觀察.
解答 67答案 D 細節(jié)理解題.題干意為:通過短文我們了解到什么?根據(jù)第二段的最后一句"科學家們奮斗了幾個世紀來準確地預測天氣,但是都失敗了",和第三段的第三句"地面控制者能夠預測星球探測儀和衛(wèi)星的路線"可知選D.
68.答案 A 細節(jié)理解題.題干意為:根據(jù)作者的意思,軟科學______.通過最后一段的第二句"軟科學承認很大程度上存在不確定性"可知選A.
69.答案 C 推理判斷題.題干意為:短文最好的題目可能是什么?根據(jù)文中提到可以準確預測探測儀的路線但不能準確預測天氣可知答案.故答案為C
70.答案A 細節(jié)理解題.題干意為:在本文中,作者對科學的態(tài)度是什么?A.客觀的、無偏見的;B.懷疑的;C.不贊成的;D.樂觀的,根據(jù)文中敘述科學不可能解決所有的問題,和可以準確預測探測儀的路線但不能準確預測天氣等信息可知作者持客觀態(tài)度.故答案為A
點評 1、要想做好科普英語閱讀理解題,同學們就要注意平時多讀科普知識類文章,學習科普知識,積累常見的科普詞匯,從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力.
2、要熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點.科普類文章一般由標題(Head line),導語(Introduction),背景(Back ground),主體(Main body)和結(jié)尾(End)五部分構(gòu)成.標題是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括,但根據(jù)歷年的高考情況來看,這類閱讀理解材料一般不給標題,而要同學們選擇標題.導語一般位于整篇文章的首段.背景交待一個事實的起因.主體則對導語概括的事實進行詳細敘述,這一部分命題往往最多,因此,閱讀時,同學們要把這部分作為重點.結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并與導語相呼應,命題者常在此要設(shè)計一道推理判斷題.
3、在進行推理判斷時,同學們一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學事實為依據(jù),同時所得出的結(jié)論還應符合基本的科普常識.