短暫性動(dòng)詞用法全解

一、短暫性動(dòng)詞與 until 狀語(yǔ)(從句)連用

  My father worked at this factory until 1990.

  我父親在這家工廠一直工作到 1990 年。(含義:到了 1990 年他就不在這家工廠工作了)

  持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定式與 until 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí),表示該動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在 until 表示的時(shí)間之后發(fā)生,而在此時(shí)間之前未發(fā)生。如:

試題詳情

  My father didn't work at this factory until 1990.

  到 1990 年我父親才在這家工廠工作。(含義:在 1990 年之前他沒(méi)有在這家工廠工作)

  短暫性動(dòng)詞只能用否定式與 until 狀語(yǔ)連用,表示直到 until 表示的時(shí)間時(shí),該動(dòng)作才發(fā)生,發(fā)生后就停止了,即不再持續(xù)下去。如:

  He didn't appear until the meeting began. 直到會(huì)議開(kāi)始時(shí)他才出現(xiàn)。( appear 為短暫性動(dòng)詞)

  考例:

  I didn't really work here; I _________ until the new secretary arrives. (NMET 1994)

  A. just help out B. have just helped out

  C. am just helping out D. will just help out

  分析: help out 意思是“幫助完成工作”,具有短暫性動(dòng)詞特性,與 until 狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)應(yīng)用否定形式。但此試題沒(méi)有設(shè)計(jì)否定項(xiàng),因此很容易誤選 B ,以為有 just (剛才)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。值得注意的是,有時(shí)可通過(guò)某些語(yǔ)法形式改變動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì):即是動(dòng)作還狀態(tài),是持續(xù)性還是短暫性。此題中 help out 通過(guò)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),表示現(xiàn)階段持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,因而就可以用肯定式與 until 狀語(yǔ)連用了。此題意思為:我的確不在這兒工作了,但新秘書(shū)來(lái)之前,我仍然在這兒幫助完成工作。故答案為 C .又如:

  He is writing a letter. (用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)詞 write 的持續(xù)性)

  He didn't write any letter. (用否定式表示動(dòng)詞 write 的短暫性)

 。 1 )短暫性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式不能和“ for + 一段時(shí)間”或“ since + 起點(diǎn)時(shí)間”狀語(yǔ)連用,但短暫性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)的否定式形式可以和這樣的狀語(yǔ)連用,這是因?yàn)槎虝盒詣?dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定形式可表示一個(gè)否定的狀態(tài),這個(gè)狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。如:不能說(shuō): We have received his letter for two weeks. 我們收到他的信有兩周了。但可以說(shuō): We haven't received his letter for two weeks. 我們有兩周沒(méi)有收到他的信了。

  有時(shí)可見(jiàn)這樣的句子: He has come here for two days. 但這并不表示 come 的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)持續(xù)了兩天。此句的確切意思是:他來(lái)這兒要呆兩天。

  考例:

  ― How are you today?

  ― Oh, I _________ as ill as I do now for a very long time. (NMET2000)

  A. didn't feel B. wasn't feeling

  C. don't feel D. haven't felt

  分析: fall ill 表示“生病”,是一個(gè)短暫的變化過(guò)程,可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式表狀態(tài),和“ for a very long time ” 這樣的狀語(yǔ)連用。故答案為 D .

 。 2 )短暫性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式不能和“ for + 一段時(shí)間”狀語(yǔ)連用,也不能能用于 how long 開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句中,如:不能說(shuō): Tom has married for ten years. (Tom 結(jié)婚十年了。 ) 但可以說(shuō): Tom has been married for ten years. 這是因?yàn)榭蓪⑵淅斫鉃槭窍当斫Y(jié)構(gòu), have been 是系動(dòng)詞 be 的完成式, married 是過(guò)去分詞,做表語(yǔ),表示狀態(tài),狀態(tài)可以持續(xù),可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

  考例:

  ― How long _________ at this job?

試題詳情

  二、短暫性動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  ― Since 1990. (北京 2003 春招)

  A. were you employed

  B. have you been employed

C. had you been employed

  D. will you be employed

  分析:此題是以“ how long ”開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句,要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故答案為 B . have been employed 可理解為是系表結(jié)構(gòu), have been 是系動(dòng)詞 be 的完成式, employed 為短暫性動(dòng)詞,為過(guò)去分詞形式作表語(yǔ),表示狀態(tài)。

 。 3 )短暫性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式可以表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。如:

  Have you seen my glasses? 你看見(jiàn)過(guò)我的眼鏡嗎?( see 動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話前發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響是:你是否還記得眼鏡所在的地方?)

  考例:

  The price ________, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (廣東 1999 )

  A. went down B. will go down

  C. has gone down D. was going down

  分析: go down 意為“(物價(jià)等)下跌”,做不及物動(dòng)詞使用,其動(dòng)作短暫。答案為 C .用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)價(jià)格在說(shuō)話前已經(jīng)下跌,現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有回升,所以就“懷疑今后是否仍會(huì)處于這種跌落態(tài)勢(shì)”。

  時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句由 when, while 和 as 引起,主語(yǔ)和從句中各有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,處理這類試題有個(gè)規(guī)律可遵循:短暫性動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)?衫斫鉃椋撼掷m(xù)時(shí)間短的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中。如:

  When I was waiting for the train, I saw a stranger. 我在等火車(chē)時(shí),看見(jiàn)了一個(gè)陌生人。 wait 是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞, see 是短暫性動(dòng)詞。

  考例:

  Tom _________ into the house when no one _________. (MET 1992)

  A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked

  C. slipped; had looked D. was slipped; looked

  分析:答案為 A . slip 為短暫性動(dòng)詞, look 為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,可理解為:短暫性動(dòng)詞 slip 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 look 動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中。

  類似上面的情形,當(dāng) when 作并列連詞時(shí),所引起的并列分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞總是短暫性的,用一般過(guò)去時(shí);而前面分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是持續(xù)性的,用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)?衫斫鉃椋涸诔掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中,突然發(fā)生了短暫性動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。

  考例:

  The students ____________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ________ in the office. (MET 1991)

  A. had written; left B. were writing; has left

  C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left

  分析:答案為 D . write 為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,在 write 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),突然發(fā)生短暫性動(dòng)詞 go 的動(dòng)作。

  在使用“ It has been (is) + 一段時(shí)間 + since 從句”的句型時(shí),要注意 since 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性的還是持續(xù)性的。若是短暫性的,則表示“自從該短暫性動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生后有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”;若是持續(xù)性的,則表示“自從該持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作停止后有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”。如:

  It's five years since I began to learn English. 我學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有五年了。

  It's five years since I lived here. 我有五年時(shí)間沒(méi)有住在這兒了。

  考例:

  ― What was the party like?

  ― Wonderful. It's years _______ I enjoyed myself so much. (MET 1993)

  A. after B. before C. when D. since

  分析:此題是“ It has been (is)+ 一段時(shí)間 + since 從句”的句型,故答案為 D .但要注意 enjoy 是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,所以題意為:我已經(jīng)有好些年沒(méi)有玩得那樣開(kāi)心了。

  五、部分短暫性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)

  這樣的動(dòng)詞有: come, go, get, arrive, see, off, take off, return, start 等。例如:

  How are you getting to the airport? 你將怎樣去機(jī)場(chǎng)?

  Bob is going with me to the hospital. Bob 將和我一起去醫(yī)院。

考例:

  I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I ________ my mum. (NMET 2001)

  A. am taking B. have taken

  C. take D. will have taken

  分析:答案為 A .用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。

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